// 构造函数（首字母大写）
function Person(name, age) {
  this.name = name
  this.age = age
}

// 原型方法
Person.prototype.greet = function () {
  return `你好，我是${this.name}，今年${this.age}岁`
}

// 创建实例
const p1 = new Person('张三', 25)
const p2 = new Person('李四', 30)

console.log(p1.greet()) // "你好，我是张三，今年25岁"
console.log(p1.greet === p2.greet) // true（共享方法）

function Car(brand) {
  // 实例属性：每个实例独立
  this.brand = brand
  this.mileage = 0
}

// 原型属性：所有实例共享
Car.prototype.wheels = 4
Car.prototype.drive = function (km) {
  this.mileage += km
}

const car1 = new Car('Toyota')
const car2 = new Car('Honda')

car1.drive(100)
console.log(car1.mileage) // 100
console.log(car2.mileage) // 0（独立）
console.log(car1.wheels === car2.wheels) // true（共享）

function MathHelper() {}

// 静态方法：直接挂在构造函数上
MathHelper.add = function (a, b) {
  return a + b
}

MathHelper.multiply = function (a, b) {
  return a * b
}

// 调用静态方法
console.log(MathHelper.add(1, 2)) // 3
console.log(MathHelper.multiply(3, 4)) // 12

// 实例无法访问静态方法
const helper = new MathHelper()
// helper.add(1, 2)  // TypeError

class Person {
  // 构造函数
  constructor(name, age) {
    this.name = name
    this.age = age
  }

  // 实例方法（在原型上）
  greet() {
    return `你好，我是${this.name}`
  }

  // getter
  get info() {
    return `${this.name}, ${this.age}岁`
  }

  // setter
  set info(value) {
    const [name, age] = value.split(',')
    this.name = name
    this.age = parseInt(age)
  }

  // 静态方法
  static create(name, age) {
    return new Person(name, age)
  }

  // 静态属性
  static species = 'Homo sapiens'
}

const p = new Person('张三', 25)
console.log(p.greet()) // "你好，我是张三"
console.log(p.info) // "张三, 25岁"
console.log(Person.species) // "Homo sapiens"
console.log(Person.create('李四', 30)) // Person { name: "李四", age: 30 }

class Counter {
  // 公共字段
  count = 0
  name = 'counter'

  // 私有字段（ES2022）
  #privateCount = 0

  increment() {
    this.count++
    this.#privateCount++
  }

  getPrivateCount() {
    return this.#privateCount
  }
}

const counter = new Counter()
counter.increment()
console.log(counter.count) // 1
console.log(counter.getPrivateCount()) // 1
// console.log(counter.#privateCount)  // SyntaxError

class BankAccount {
  #balance = 0

  constructor(initialBalance) {
    this.#balance = initialBalance
  }

  // 私有方法
  #validate(amount) {
    if (amount <= 0) throw new Error('金额必须大于0')
  }

  deposit(amount) {
    this.#validate(amount)
    this.#balance += amount
  }

  withdraw(amount) {
    this.#validate(amount)
    if (amount > this.#balance) throw new Error('余额不足')
    this.#balance -= amount
  }

  get balance() {
    return this.#balance
  }
}

const account = new BankAccount(1000)
account.deposit(500)
console.log(account.balance) // 1500

class Animal {
  constructor(name) {
    this.name = name
  }

  eat() {
    return `${this.name}在吃东西`
  }

  sleep() {
    return `${this.name}在睡觉`
  }
}

class Dog extends Animal {
  constructor(name, breed) {
    super(name) // 必须先调用 super
    this.breed = breed
  }

  // 新增方法
  bark() {
    return '汪汪！'
  }

  // 重写方法
  eat() {
    return `${this.name}在吃狗粮`
  }

  // 调用父类方法
  sleep() {
    return super.sleep() + '，做着美梦'
  }
}

const dog = new Dog('小黑', '拉布拉多')
console.log(dog.eat()) // "小黑在吃狗粮"
console.log(dog.sleep()) // "小黑在睡觉，做着美梦"
console.log(dog.bark()) // "汪汪！"
console.log(dog instanceof Dog) // true
console.log(dog instanceof Animal) // true

class Parent {
  constructor(x) {
    this.x = x
  }

  static staticMethod() {
    return 'parent static'
  }

  instanceMethod() {
    return 'parent instance'
  }
}

class Child extends Parent {
  constructor(x, y) {
    // 构造函数中，super 必须在使用 this 之前调用
    super(x)
    this.y = y
  }

  static staticMethod() {
    // 静态方法中调用父类静态方法
    return super.staticMethod() + ' -> child static'
  }

  instanceMethod() {
    // 实例方法中调用父类方法
    return super.instanceMethod() + ' -> child instance'
  }
}

const child = new Child(1, 2)
console.log(child.instanceMethod()) // "parent instance -> child instance"
console.log(Child.staticMethod()) // "parent static -> child static"

// 扩展 Array
class MyArray extends Array {
  first() {
    return this[0]
  }

  last() {
    return this[this.length - 1]
  }

  sum() {
    return this.reduce((a, b) => a + b, 0)
  }
}

const arr = new MyArray(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
console.log(arr.first()) // 1
console.log(arr.last()) // 5
console.log(arr.sum()) // 15
console.log(arr.map((x) => x * 2)) // MyArray [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

// 扩展 Error
class ValidationError extends Error {
  constructor(message, field) {
    super(message)
    this.name = 'ValidationError'
    this.field = field
  }
}

try {
  throw new ValidationError('必填项', 'username')
} catch (e) {
  console.log(e.name) // "ValidationError"
  console.log(e.field) // "username"
}

class Shape {
  constructor() {
    if (new.target === Shape) {
      throw new Error('Shape 是抽象类，不能直接实例化')
    }
  }

  // 抽象方法
  area() {
    throw new Error('子类必须实现 area 方法')
  }

  // 具体方法
  describe() {
    return `这是一个面积为 ${this.area()} 的图形`
  }
}

class Rectangle extends Shape {
  constructor(width, height) {
    super()
    this.width = width
    this.height = height
  }

  area() {
    return this.width * this.height
  }
}

// const shape = new Shape()  // Error
const rect = new Rectangle(10, 5)
console.log(rect.area()) // 50
console.log(rect.describe()) // "这是一个面积为 50 的图形"

// 使用闭包（ES6 之前）
function createPerson(name) {
  let _age = 0 // 私有变量

  return {
    getName() {
      return name
    },
    getAge() {
      return _age
    },
    setAge(age) {
      if (age < 0) throw new Error('年龄不能为负')
      _age = age
    },
  }
}

// 使用 WeakMap（ES6）
const _private = new WeakMap()

class Person {
  constructor(name) {
    _private.set(this, { name, age: 0 })
  }

  get name() {
    return _private.get(this).name
  }

  get age() {
    return _private.get(this).age
  }

  set age(value) {
    if (value < 0) throw new Error('年龄不能为负')
    _private.get(this).age = value
  }
}

// 使用私有字段（ES2022）
class User {
  #password

  constructor(username, password) {
    this.username = username
    this.#password = password
  }

  checkPassword(input) {
    return this.#password === input
  }
}

class Animal {
  speak() {
    return '动物发出声音'
  }
}

class Dog extends Animal {
  speak() {
    return '汪汪！'
  }
}

class Cat extends Animal {
  speak() {
    return '喵喵！'
  }
}

class Bird extends Animal {
  speak() {
    return '叽叽！'
  }
}

// 多态：同一接口，不同实现
function makeAllSpeak(animals) {
  animals.forEach((animal) => {
    console.log(animal.speak())
  })
}

makeAllSpeak([new Dog(), new Cat(), new Bird()])
// ���汪！
// 喵喵！
// 叽叽！

// 过深的继承层次会导致问题
// 使用组合更灵活

// 可复用的行为
const canSwim = {
  swim() {
    return `${this.name}在游泳`
  },
}

const canFly = {
  fly() {
    return `${this.name}在飞翔`
  },
}

const canWalk = {
  walk() {
    return `${this.name}在行走`
  },
}

// 组合行为
class Duck {
  constructor(name) {
    this.name = name
  }
}

Object.assign(Duck.prototype, canSwim, canFly, canWalk)

const duck = new Duck('唐老鸭')
console.log(duck.swim()) // "唐老鸭在游泳"
console.log(duck.fly()) // "唐老鸭在飞翔"
console.log(duck.walk()) // "唐老鸭在行走"

// 使用工厂函数
function createDuck(name) {
  const duck = { name }
  return Object.assign(duck, canSwim, canFly, canWalk)
}

class Database {
  static #instance = null

  constructor() {
    if (Database.#instance) {
      return Database.#instance
    }
    this.connection = this.connect()
    Database.#instance = this
  }

  connect() {
    console.log('建立数据库连接')
    return { connected: true }
  }

  static getInstance() {
    if (!Database.#instance) {
      Database.#instance = new Database()
    }
    return Database.#instance
  }
}

const db1 = Database.getInstance()
const db2 = Database.getInstance()
console.log(db1 === db2) // true

class Car {
  constructor(brand) {
    this.brand = brand
  }
}

class Bike {
  constructor(brand) {
    this.brand = brand
  }
}

class VehicleFactory {
  static create(type, brand) {
    switch (type) {
      case 'car':
        return new Car(brand)
      case 'bike':
        return new Bike(brand)
      default:
        throw new Error(`未知类型: ${type}`)
    }
  }
}

const car = VehicleFactory.create('car', 'Toyota')
const bike = VehicleFactory.create('bike', 'Giant')

class EventEmitter {
  #events = {}

  on(event, callback) {
    if (!this.#events[event]) {
      this.#events[event] = []
    }
    this.#events[event].push(callback)
  }

  off(event, callback) {
    if (!this.#events[event]) return
    this.#events[event] = this.#events[event].filter((cb) => cb !== callback)
  }

  emit(event, ...args) {
    if (!this.#events[event]) return
    this.#events[event].forEach((callback) => {
      callback(...args)
    })
  }

  once(event, callback) {
    const wrapper = (...args) => {
      callback(...args)
      this.off(event, wrapper)
    }
    this.on(event, wrapper)
  }
}

const emitter = new EventEmitter()
emitter.on('message', (msg) => console.log('收到:', msg))
emitter.emit('message', '你好') // "收到: 你好"

// 构造函数
function PersonFn(name) {
  this.name = name
}
PersonFn.prototype.greet = function () {
  return `你好，${this.name}`
}

// Class
class PersonClass {
  constructor(name) {
    this.name = name
  }
  greet() {
    return `你好，${this.name}`
  }
}

// 主要区别：
// 1. Class 必须用 new 调用
// PersonClass('张三')  // TypeError

// 2. Class 不会提升
// new Foo()  // ReferenceError
// class Foo {}

// 3. Class 内部默认严格模式

// 4. Class 的方法不可枚举
console.log(Object.keys(PersonFn.prototype)) // ["greet"]
console.log(Object.keys(PersonClass.prototype)) // []